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[ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ] of vacuum; 38: Celsius temperature; 39: Newtonian constant of gravitation; 40: standard atmosphere E-64 " The values are based on ISO Standards (1992) and CODATA Recommended Values (1998). For details, see Appendix . Appendix and Perform all of these examples in the COMP Mode (N1). Metric Conversion The calculator s built-in metric conversion commands make it simple to convert values from one unit to another. You can use the metric conversion commands in any calculation mode except for BASE-N and TABLE. To recall a metric conversion command, press 18(CONV). This displays the metric conversion command menu. Input the two-digit number that corresponds to the metric conversion you want to recall. See Appendix for a list of all of the metric conversion commands and conversion formulas. " Conversion formula data is based on the NIST Special Publication 811 (1995) . * cal uses the NIST value at 15°C. Appendix to Perform all of these examples in the COMP Mode (N1). Technical Information k Calculation Priority Sequence The calculator performs calculations according to a calculation priority sequence. " Basically, calculations are performed from left to right. " Expressions within parentheses have the highest priority. " The following shows the priority sequence for each individual command. 1. Function with parentheses: Pol(, Rec( +"(, d/dx(, £( P(, Q(, R( sin(, cos(, tan(, sin 1(, cos 1(, tan 1(, sinh(, cosh(, tanh(, sinh 1(, cosh 1(, tanh 1( log(, ln(, e^(, 10^(, '(, 3'( arg(, Abs(, Conjg( Not(, Neg( det(, Trn( Rnd( 2. Functions preceded by values, powers, power roots: x'( x2, x3, x 1, x!, ° , °, r, g, ^(, Normalized variate: ' t Percent: % E-65 3. Fractions: ab/c 4. Prefix symbol: ( ) (negative sign) d, h, b, o (base n symbol) 5. Metric conversion commands: cm'in, etc. Statistical estimated value calculation: m, n, m1, m2 6. Permutations, combinations: nPr, nCr Complex polar form symbol: " 7. Dot product: " (Dot) 8. Multiplication and division: ×, ÷ Multiplication where sign is omitted: Multiplication sign omitted immediately before À, e, variables, scientific constants (2À, 5A, ÀA, 3mp, 2i, etc.), functions with parentheses (2'(3), Asin(30), etc.) 9. Addition and subtraction: +, 10. Logical AND: and 11. Logical OR, XOR, XNOR: or, xor, xnor If a calculation contains a negative value, you may need to enclose the negative value in parentheses. If you want to square the value 2, for example, you need to input: ( 2)2. This is because x2 is a function preceded by a value (Priority 2, above), whose priority is greater than the negative sign, which is a prefix symbol (Priority 4). Example: y2w= 22 = 4 (y2)w= ( 2)2 = 4 Multiplication and division, and multiplication where the sign is omitted are the same priority (Priority 8), so these operations are performed from left to right when both types are mixed in the same calculation. Enclosing an operation within parentheses causes it to be performed first, so the use of parentheses can result in different calculation results. Example: 1 1/2i= 1 ÷ 2i = i 2 1 1/(2i)= 1 ÷ (2i) = i 2 k Stack Limitations This calculator uses memory areas called stacks to temporarily store lower calculation priority sequence values, commands, and functions. The numeric stack has 10 levels and the command stack has 24 levels, as shown in the illustration below. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Numeric Stack Command Stack 1 4 2 5 1 5 2 5 3 4 2 6 3 4 3 7 4 E-66 A Stack ERROR occurs when the calculation you are performing causes the capacity of either stack to be exceeded. Stack Issues to Keep in Mind for Each Mode " In the CMPLX Mode, each input value uses two levels of the numeric stack, regardless of whether the input value is a real number or a complex number. This means that the numeric stack effectively has only five levels in the CMPLX Mode. " The MATRIX Mode uses its own matrix stack, which is used in combination with the general-purpose numeric stack. The matrix stack has three levels. Performing a calculation that involves a matrix causes one level of the matrix stack to be used for storage of the result. Squaring, cubing, or inverting a matrix also uses one level of the matrix stack. " The VECTOR Mode uses its own vector stack, which is used in combination with the general-purpose numeric stack. The vector stack has five levels. Vector stack usage follows the same rules as the matrix stack, described above. k Calculation Ranges, Number of Digits, and Precision The calculation range, number of digits used for internal calculation, and calculation precision depends on the type of calculation you are performing. Calculation Range and Precision Calculation Range ±1 × 10 99 to ±9.999999999 × 1099 or 0 Number of Digits for Internal 15 digits Calculation Precision In general, ±1 at the 10th digit for a single calculation. Precision for exponential display is ±1 at the least significant digit. Errors are cumulative in the case of consecutive calculations. Function Calculation Input Ranges and Precision Functions Input Range sinx DEG 0 x 9 109 RAD 0 x 157079632.7 GRA 0 x 1 1010 cosx DEG 0 x 9 109 RAD 0 x 157079632.7 GRA 0 x 1 1010 tanx DEG Same as sinx, except when x = (2n 1) 90. RAD Same as sinx, except when x = (2n 1) À/2. GRA Same as sinx, except when x = (2n 1) 100. sin 1x 0 x 1 cos 1x tan 1x 0 x 9.999999999 1099 sinhx 0 x 230.2585092 coshx sinh 1x 0 x 4.999999999 1099 cosh 1x 1 x 4.999999999 1099 E-67 Functions Input Range tanhx 0 x 9.999999999 1099 tanh 1x 0 x 9.999999999 10 1 logx/lnx 0 x 9.999999999 1099 10x 9.999999999 1099 x 99.99999999 ex 9.999999999 1099 x 230.2585092 ' 0 x 1 10100 x x2 x 1 1050 1/x x 1 10100 ; x G 0 3 ' x 1 10100 x x! 0 x 69 (x is an integer) 0 n 1 1010, 0 r n (n, r are integers) nPr 1 {n!/(n r)!} 1 10100 0 n 1 1010, 0 r n (n, r are integers) nCr 1 n!/r! 1 10100 or 1 n!/(n r)! 1 10100 x , y 9.999999999 1099 Pol(x, y) x2+y2 9.999999999 1099 0 r 9.999999999 1099 Rec(r, ) ¸: Same as sinx a , b, c 1 10100 ° 0 b, c x 1 10100 Decimal ”! Sexagesimal Conversions 0°0'0" x 9999999°59'59" x 0: 1 10100 ylogx 100 x 0: y 0 ^(xy) m x 0: y n, (m, n are integers) 2n+1 However: 1 10100 ylog x 100 y 0: x G 0, 1 10100 1/x logy 100 y 0: x 0 x' y 2n+1 y 0: x 2n 1, (m G 0; m, n are integers) m However: 1 10100 1/x log y 100 Total of integer, numerator, and denominator must be 10 digits or a b/c less (including division marks). " Precision is basically the same as that described under Calculation Range and Precision , above. x' 3 " ^(xy), y, ', x!, nPr, nCr type functions require consecutive internal calculation, which can cause accumulation of errors that occur with each calculation. " Error is cumulative and tends to be large in the vicinity of a function s singular point and inflection point. E-68 k Error Messages The calculator will display an error message when a result exceeds the calculation range, when you attempt an illegal input, or whenever any other similar problem occurs. When an error message appears... The following are general operations you can use when any error message appears. " Pressing d or e displays to the calculation expression editing screen you were using before the error message appeared, with the cursor located at the position of the error. For more information, see Displaying the Location of an Error . " Pressing A clears the calculation expression you input before the error message appeared. You can then re-input and re-execute the calculation, if you want. Note that in this case, the original calculation will not be retained in calculation history memory. Math ERROR " Cause " The intermediate or final result of the calculation you are performing exceeds [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ] |